Ultimate Guide to Waterproof Breathable Clothing (in 2021)

The purpose of this article is to discuss the main types of waterproof clothing, the various constructions, and the expected performance of various waterproof garments. Read this article to learn what to look for when choosing and buying a rain jacket, poncho, waterproof pants, gloves or socks. Here, we discuss all the important factors to consider together with our favorite waterproof clothes of 2021, their best features, and recommended use.

This article is a logical continuation of our post about waterproof breathable fabrics (WBFs), where we emphasized the importance of waterproof breathable textiles for sportswear and discussed their main functions, properties, and applications as well as the current trends on the WBFs market and future projections of their use. There, we also mentioned various clothes made of waterproof materials such as rain jackets and the reason why they’re so important for outdoor enthusiasts and professionals. In this article, we discuss the most important types of waterproof clothes, for outdoor use, at length.

More and more people engage in and enjoy outdoor sports and activities. There are various reasons for the increasing popularity of outdoor pursuits. Just to name a few: the excitement, the challenges and difficulties under various environmental conditions as well as the opportunity to spend some time outdoors and reconnect with nature. Since both the environment and the heat generated by activities are beyond the control of the person engaged in outdoor sports, it is important to provide people with reliable sportswear ready to meet the challenges of rough terrain and/or bad weather. For maximal enjoyment, this clothing must provide both protection from the environment and comfort. It normally forms a layered clothing system, suitable for various activities to be undertaken in various environmental conditions.

Layering is among the most important concepts regarding outdoors apparel. A layered clothing system usually consists of three layers of clothing, each with its functions:

• Wicking and quick-drying base layer.
• Breathable mid layer to trap still air next to the skin for better thermal insulation.
• Wind- and water-resistant outer layer for maximum protection from the elements.

For complete protection from rain or water, it is possible to wear a fully waterproof jacket. However, the use of a simple waterproof outer layer is ineffective because it shields from rain and snow but it doesn’t let internal water vapor to escape. This leads to a formation of condensation in the clothing system, which seriously decreases the system’s capacity for ensuring insulation and weather protection. Moreover, this can dampen your insulating layers, which leads to the feeling of clamminess and what’s worse – to excessive cooling. Therefore, to provide both protection and comfort to the user, the outer layer must be waterproof and breathable

Waterproof breathable clothes: constructions

Consumers have high expectations of sportswear, particularly of waterproof and breathable clothes. They expect functionality, aesthetics, fit, comfort, ease of movement, reliability, and protection from environmental conditions like rain, snow, and cold. Certainly, both functionality and aesthetics are not always equally necessary. Functionality is more important for professional sportswear. Aesthetics is more important for those who prefer to wear sport clothes in the city. Thus, the level of activity must be taken into account in the design stage. There are also important components of a waterproof garment that must be specially designed. Among them: cuffs, hems, zippers, hoods, pockets, and seams.

Waterproof breathable fabrics are laminates, consisting of up to three distinct bonded layers. 3-layer constructions are the most waterproof and most durable, but also heaviest and least breathable. Such constructions often look the following way:

• Face fabric treated with a durable water repellent (DWR). It’s usually made of nylon or polyester and is expected to be durable. In general, the thicker the fabric, the more durable the garment.
• Waterproof breathable membrane.
• Lining protects the membrane from abrasion and pore-clogging contaminants such as body oils.

There are three main types of constructions.

Arrangement of individual layers in WBFs and application in outdoor jackets

Source: Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles**, p.62

2-layer laminates

These are the original waterproof breathable constructions. Each 2-layer construction is a laminated product with a DWR-treated face fabric and a waterproof breathable layer. The linings are often warp-knitted mesh constructions (to promote airflow) attached by a separate fabric or mesh liner that hangs inside of the garment. PU coating at the hem and cuff prevents rain wicking into the interior of the garment.

Pros:

• Comfort
• Flexibility
• Lowest price in comparison with the other types of laminates

Cons:

• Extra weight due to the added layer
• Reduced breathability because of the liner

This type of construction is prevalent in light-to-medium-weight garments for skiing, hiking as well as casual and fashion jackets, and some rain pants.

2.5-layer laminates

Their construction is very similar to the construction of the 2-layer laminates, as the main difference is that the protective fabric or scrim gets eliminated in exchange for a printed or sprayed-on partial protective layer. It provides a barrier between the laminate and the skin or other clothing layers.

Pros:

• Lightest type
• Flexibility
• Compactness
• Relatively low cost

Cons:

• Fragile
• Reduced breathability because of the protective layers

2.5-layer laminates are used mainly for lightweight and ultralight rain clothing. They’re suitable for intensive outdoor activities such as fell running and mountain biking.

3-layer laminates

They comprise three layers as described above. A waterproof breathable membrane is glued between the face fabric and a soft lining to produce a material that is hardwearing but slightly stiff. This is the most durable of all three types of laminates described here because the membrane is protected by fabric on both sides. It is developed for the needs of alpinists and other outdoor enthusiasts who are in a need of hard-wearing waterproof garments.

Pros:

• Durability
• Waterproofness

Cons:

• Most expensive type
• Lower breathability than the 2-layer construction
• Least flexibility

3-layer laminates are widely used in the top range of outdoor sportswear. Garments incor­porating these fabrics are promoted as exclusive high-performance shells.

Performance

The main principle of how waterproof and breathable fabrics function is relatively simple and it is also quite logical. In short, their functionality depends on the relative humidity levels: moisture wants to establish an equilibrium that’s why if it’s more humid inside the garment, moisture will move outward and the opposite.

Ratings of sportswear waterproofness and breathability explained

The first two tables below show fabric waterproofness and breathability ratings together with a brief explanation of the practical meaning of these ratings. Table 3 shows the heat energy produced by various activities and the corresponding perspiration rates related to these pursuits.

Table 1: Fabric waterproof ratings

Source: evo.com

 

Table 2: Fabric breathability ratings

 

Table 3: Heat energy produced by various activities and corresponding perspiration rates

Source: Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles, p.32

Several studies have shown that waterproof breathable fabrics can be ranked according to their capacity to transfer water vapor to the ambient environ­ment. These agree that ePTFE laminated membranes are most permeable, fol­lowed by hydrophilic and PU microporous laminates and then PU coatings. However, even the capacity for moisture vapor transfer through ePTFE membranes is limited as Table 3 shows.

Actually, Table 3 confirms that water vapor cannot be completely diffused despite the manufacturers’ claims about the breathability of their products. Moreover, rain and snow reduce breathability further because the vapor pressure above the fabric is increased. Additionally, in prolonged precipitation as well as in cold weather (because of condensation), pores on the fabric can get clogged. Therefore, you should expect the breathability of a waterproof garment to be compromised in the field, mostly by moisture, but also by dirt, and body oils.

Ratings of sportswear waterproofness and breathability; problems

What are the waterproofness and breathability ratings of today’s sportswear? First, let’s begin with the fact that manufacturers use different numbers to label their products “waterproof”. This makes it really hard to compare two “waterproof” garments from different producers especially if their ratings are not publicly announced as often happens. However, any garment with a rating of 20 000mm or more is acknowledged to be fully waterproof. The situation with breathability ratings is worse because different manufacturers often use different methods to measure breathability. Moreover, various test methods use different temperatures or humidity conditions and can give vastly differing values. By the way, nowadays, you will rarely see any breathability ratings on the labels of the garments.

What most people don’t know is that despite the fact that there are various names, brands, and garments on the market, the number of WBFs manufacturers is far smaller. Nowadays, the waterproofness of most products falls within 8000-28 000mm water column per 24 hours. The range of breathability is between 5000g/m2 and 30 000g/m2 per 24 hours. Just for a reference, 20 years ago, the breathability of the then modern WBFs was no more than 10 000g/m2.

Main features of waterproof clothing

The intense effort during sports leads to increased sweating. That’s why the waterproof breathable clothing intended for sportswear needs to be functional enough to ensure a higher moisture transfer rate from the body towards the exterior. In addition, it needs an appropriate design and the use of special manufacturing methods. They should guarantee that the sportswear will retain its waterproofness and durability during wear.

Seams are one of the weakest spots of waterproof clothing as a failure of the seams can threaten the performance of their waterproofness. Main reasons for this are wear and tear as they can quickly degrade the seams. This can be avoided by paying special attention to their construction and location including and changing the type of the seams and/or the method of sealing the seams. Unfortunately, many manufacturers do not seal all seams but restrict sealing to the most vulnerable seams such as shoulder seams and side seams. They do that by using specific tapes (welding heat-seal tape is among the most popular types of sealing) for sealing the seams to avoid their failure. The use of adhesives for taping the inside is another common method for sealing seams. Proper stitching is also extremely important.

Linings and interlinings have an important influence on the ability of a waterproof and breathable garment to manage moisture. That’s why – and mainly to prevent wetting – they are treated with a DWR. Without a water-repellent finish, linings and interlinings can quickly become saturated with moisture, which can accelerate the penetration of water. As a result, the functionality of the garment can be adversely affected.

Pockets are an essential part of waterproof clothes and are no less important than seams and linings. Their design, as well as their location, can be of crucial importance. Waterproof and breathable clothes are expected to have zippered pockets (with proofed linings) engineered to keep out wind and water. Driving rain and water that runs off the surface of the garment can easily penetrate patch pockets with a horizontal edge. So, such pockets aren’t typical for waterproof constructions. If a waterproof garment has such pockets, they are usually watertight and/or have a Velcro flap so that they are not fully exposed to the rain.

Cuffs can be problematic because they need to fit snugly to avoid water penetration. This restricts ventilation and air circulation. The solution is fairly simple: use elasticated cuffs with adjustable openings to facilitate ventilation.

Types of waterproof clothes

The most popular choices for rain gear are jackets, pants, gloves, and socks made of waterproof and breathable fabric. Other types of waterproof clothes such as ponchos are also somewhat popular (you can find more information about them in our article on the best ponchos).

Rain pants

Rain pants are generally made of nylon (or nylon blends) and waterproof breathable fabric. When buying a pair of rain pants, there are two important things to check: their functionality and the fit. They need to be wind-resistant and stretchy or loose-fitting for freedom of movement since they will probably be worn over other pants. There are two basic designs: simple pants and bib pants.

Bibs are bulky and heavy and have a high back and chest and suspenders. They are not suitable for summer trips – their best use is for cold weather expeditions. They cover much of the torso for two main reasons – this way they keep you warm and minimize the chance that snow will get into your clothes.

Simple pants are cheaper, lighter, less bulky, and easier to get on and off than bib pants. They’re more versatile and are suitable for milder conditions (some types are actually ultralight, however, they are not suitable for continuous use because they are too fragile). For summer hiking, neither of these is better than a pair of shorts or synthetic pants as they’re light, relatively warm, and dry quickly when damp.

Some of the most desirable features of rain pants include:

• Adjustable drawcords and cord locks for individual fit and to seal warmth in.
• Full-length zippers for getting the pants on over boots, crampons, skis, snowshoes, and for ventilation.
• Reinforced knees for added durability.
• Pockets for storing small personal items. Big pockets can hold a map, while zippered pockets are suitable for storing documents and money.
• Length – rain pants need to fully cover your base layer pants underneath. In very cold weather, you may prefer wearing fleece pants for better insulation, while in warmer weather it makes sense to choose thinner and lighter pants.
• Weight depends on design and fabric. Generally, heavier garments are more durable and will outlast lighter ones.

It takes time and practice to adjust clothing, so experiment donning and doffing it when necessary to keep from overheating, or from getting too cold.

Top rain pants recommendations

• Outdoor Research Helium Pants are ultralight (weighing 5.5 oz or 156 g) waterproof breathable pants designed to help you stay dry and comfortable during a variety of activities in bad weather such as hiking, traveling, cycling, or kayaking. The pants pack small and are extremely comfortable as they allow a full range of motion in various environments. The fabric is very breathable and will provide excellent breathability even during some tough backpacking in the rain. The OR Helium are also fast to dry when wet so that you could jump off the traveled path. The functionality of these rain pants is beyond question and we recommend them for everyone who needs waterproof pants that are light and reliable.

See the Men’s OR Helium on Amazon See the Women’s OR Helium on Amazon

• Marmot PreCip Eco Full Zip Pants are light and breathable fully waterproof trousers – made from the Marmot® NanoPro™ fabric – that would keep you dry and comfortable in less than ideal weather conditions. They have full-length side zippers, storm flaps, and a snap-button closure so that you could use them as a shell layer over other pants. This allows you to adjust ventilation and facilitates donning and doffing without removing boots. The elasticated waistband of the Marmot PreCip Eco allows for individual fit. These comfortable waterproof pants ensure protection from rain during backpacking and biking but you could also use them for any activity.

See the Men’s Precip Eco on Amazon See the Women’s PreCip Eco on Amazon

Rain jackets

The outer layer should provide protection from wind and precipitation. So you need to choose your rain jacket wisely keeping in mind that you must find one with the right balance between weight and functionality.

The ideal shell is lightweight, windproof, fully waterproof, and completely breathable, and… it doesn’t exist. There’s just no garment that can achieve all these objectives. Many passionate outdoorsmen carry two different shell layers – a lightweight windproof shell and a lightweight waterproof jacket. The reason is simple – it’s barely impossible to find one piece of garment that’s fully waterproof, completely breathable, and wind-resistant at the same time. You can be more flexible by carrying such a system with two different outer layers. Rain shell is usually worn only in heavier rain or for periods of low-intensity walking, while breathable wind gear is worn in cool and windy conditions, and for periods of heavy exertion.

Typical Waterproof Breathable Jacket Design

Source: High-Performance Apparel*, p.446

Rain jackets come in different styles and designs. Good jackets feature bonded watertight full front zippers and are easier to ventilate; they are large enough to handle most of your inner layers without restricting mobility; armpit zippers are typical as they allow for ample ventilation – aim for such models where you will be able to zip or unzip the underarm vents during movement with one hand only; seams must be properly sealed; bonded zippers and zipper garages keep the zippers dry; adjustable hems and sleeve cuffs add more functionality because they keep the cold out and offer more precise fit; a drawstring hood with adjustable pull wards off rain and provides protection from wind. In addition, large zippered side-entry pockets are easily accessible and useful for maps, hats, gloves, and other small personal items.

Keep in mind that in driving rain, you cannot stay completely dry on the trail no matter what you do –  you will get some moisture, for sure, either from sweat (if you zip the rain jacket) or from precipitation (if you unzip to ventilate). However, you should do whatever is possible to minimize moisture.

The best way to maintain the functionality of a rain shell is to use it only when it is really needed. Rain jackets depend on waterproof breathable membranes or coatings that are too delicate. For example, breathability is reduced when fabric pores get clogged up with dirt and sweat. Thus, you need to: keep the shell clean (always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for proper maintenance of the garment), and maintain the quality of the water-repellent finish applied on the shell surface.

When you notice that the DWR on your rain jacket is falling, restore it with a wash-in or spray-on treatment (Nikwax offers some really good repellants for waterproof garments and gear). The outer layer of your rain jacket must be water-resistant in order to maintain the garment’s breathability. The reason is that the DWR finish causes water to bead on a fabric surface without impairing breathability. As the finish degrades, the fabric becomes no different than a regular non-treated fabric. It gets saturated with moisture which seriously reduces the breathability of the rain shell. That’s why you need to reproof the garment regularly.

Top rain jackets recommendations

• Helly Hansen Seven J Jacket is a versatile rain jacket with attractive features. Designed to provide a dry and comfortable outdoor experience, it is a great all-round waterproof breathable jacket that offers water and wind protection on and off the trail. It’s stylish and looks great but more importantly – it’s well-made, easy to pack, and can be used as both a rain jacket and a windbreaker during hiking excursions, fishing trips, and other outdoor activities. The Seven J jacket functions best in warmer weather but the cut fits well even when wearing additional layers underneath for more warmth in winter.

See the Men’s Seven J Jacket on Amazon See the Women’s Seven J Jacket on Amazon

• Marmot PreCip Lightweight Waterproof Jacket is an amazing rain jacket with a great design that offers water and wind protection in less than perfect conditions. It comes with built-in zip vents under arms for regulating temperature and air inflow. All in all, the Marmot PreCip offers unmatched breathability for this price. Keep in mind that the jacket has no lining (which facilitates wearing layers underneath) and no pockets inside (if you’re like us, this won’t make you very happy). Highly functional, comfortable, and good looking, this lightweight rain jacket is suitable for wet sports-related activities, hiking, traveling or casual wear in the city.

See the Men’s Precip on Amazon See the Women’s PreCip on Amazon

Waterproof gloves and mittens

Waterproof gloves and mittens are usually used in cold and wet conditions. If used properly, they will protect your fingers and will keep your hands dry and warm on and off the trail. Wearing waterproof gloves and/or mittens is extremely important during hikes in mountainous terrain since rapid weather changes are typical for high elevation areas. In very cold conditions, even thermal waterproof gloves may not be enough to keep your hands warm. That’s why layering is very popular among experienced outdoorsmen. When layering two or more pairs of gloves, the outer layer (waterproof breathable) should provide protection against water coming from the outside. It should also ensure vapor permeability to provide moisture transfer from the skin to the outer layers. Keep in mind that in prolonged wet conditions, sooner or later, your gloves will become wet inside and out.

The main construction is usually made from one or more of the following man-made materials: polyester, nylon, neoprene, polyurethane, and acrylic. Leather is also used; rubber is used in small amounts. Polyester is often combined with spandex to make the fabric stretchier to allow for better articulation. Lining’s main materials include synthetic materials like polyester (mainly in the form of fleece fabric or tricot). Insulated waterproof gloves and waterproof mittens offer extra warmth but also less dexterity. Gloves and mitts may have removable fleece-lined (or merino wool) liners. You can wear the liners when you need more dexterity or to avoid overheating during snow sports or some other high-intensity outdoor activities. Additional insulation is provided by hi-tech materials like Primaloft, Thinsulate, and Thermolite. Two and three-layer waterproof and breathable membranes will keep your hands dry and comfortable.

Good fit is critical as it directly influences the effectiveness of your waterproof gloves. Avoid wearing too tight or too loose gloves and mittens. In general, tight-fitting gloves and mitts for mountain are hard to get on and off with cold hands. Moreover, tighter gloves are less flexible and can restrict blood circulation. Loose gloves aren’t suitable when performance is required as they may not give you the necessary dexterity.

Some of the most desirable features of waterproof gloves and mitts are:

• Bonded palms and fingers to provide a secure grip, dexterity, better control, and durability.
• Gauntlett cuffs with easy to adjust wrist strap, elasticated wrists to seal out cold air.
• Elastic drawstring with cord lock help keep warmth in and snow out.
• Waterproof zippered stash pockets on the backs of the hands for hand warmers.
• Pull-tabs for fast and easy on and off.
• Touch-screen compatible index finger.
• Retention cords that loop over the wrist make it easier and safer to remove the outer layer (in case you use a layered system) to accomplish a task.

Waterproof breathable gloves and mittens are perfect for hiking, mountaineering, fishing, cycling, and work. Additionally, they are ideal for winter sports and activities such as snowshoeing, backcountry skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, etc.

Top waterproof gloves and mittens recommendations

• The North Face Montana Etip GTX Gloves are warm and comfortable waterproof gloves with breathable Gore-Tex inserts for protection from snow and water. Designed to withstand a lot of activity in cold and winter, these are excellent gloves for mountain pursuits. They’re well-made and have plenty of insulation for unrivaled warmth in very low temperatures. The long gauntlet cuffs come with adjustable Velcro wrist straps that provide a perfect fit and keep warmth in. The gloves fit snug (they also run small so look for the right size!!) and are touchscreen-friendly. The Etip technology makes the Montana Etip GTX easy to use with a smartphone or tablet.

See the Men’s Montana Etip on Amazon See the Women’s Montana Etip on Amazon

• Outdoor Research Alti Mitts are fully seam-taped mitts with wind and waterproof breathable Gore-Tex inserts and removable liner mittens. High-quality PrimaLoft insulation makes them extremely warm but also bulky. So we recommend these mitts for very cold days but not for activities where dexterity is essential. Actually, that’s probably their only drawback because the mittens offer a secure grasp on ice tools and ski poles and are so warm that they will keep your hands toasty while working with gear in subzero conditions. The heavy-duty construction will keep your hands safe and protected, which makes the mitts an excellent choice for cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, snowmobiling or mountaineering.

See the Men’s OR Alti Mitts on Amazon See the Women’s OR Alti Mitts on Amazon

Waterproof socks

Waterproof breathable socks are designed to keep your feet comfortable and dry even in warm weather when waterproof boots and shoes can be hot and sweaty. They can also keep your feet warm when hiking in the mud and snow or through wet grass or brush. Many hikers freak out when thinking about waterproof socks but the truth is that such socks give more protection than waterproof boots when crossing streams and puddles. Models with high-cut profile are much higher than boots and ensure that wind and weather can’t harm your feet.

Typical waterproof sock differs from the usual hiking sock. For example, a typical 3-layer construction consists of a knit exterior, waterproof and breathable membrane, and moisture-wicking and antibacterial inner. The exterior is often made from a blend of two or more materials. The most popular materials are the following: merino wool, polyester, nylon, acrylic, spandex, TPU (thermoplastic urethane), and viscose. The inner made from COOLMAX (modified polyester) is moisture-wicking, antibacterial, and keeps feet fresh. Synthetics such as polyester, nylon, viscose, and spandex as well as merino wool and bamboo are other popular options primarily because of their moisture-wicking and antimicrobial abilities.

Some of the most desirable features and properties of waterproof socks are:

• Close-fitting socks keep feet warm and comfortable and promote blood circulation (too tight socks can actually restrict circulation).
• Seamless constructions reduce friction, which is the main cause of common skin problems such as chafing.
• Cushioning pads protect sensitive zones (ankle, heel, toes, and instep) against pressure for better blister protection.
• Ability to maintain their shape.
• Antibacterial linings.

What are the biggest downsides of wearing waterproof breathable socks?

• Once they get wet, they are slow to dry especially in colder or wetter weather.
• They aren’t very durable with the exception of some models.
• Hiking in a downpour can considerably impair their breathability.
• The tightly woven construction can make them too hot and sweaty.

Waterproof socks are suitable for a variety of outdoor sports and activities in wet environments – hiking, mountaineering, cycling, riding, running, kayaking, etc.

Top waterproof socks recommendations

• Randy Sun Waterproof Breathable Crew Socks are specially designed unisex waterproof socks suitable for all kinds of outdoor activities or work in wet weather. The three-layer knitting construction is designed to keep your feet dry and warm when crossing streams and rivers or walking through snow, mud, and puddles. The construction consists of a tough waterproof outer layer (nylon blend), waterproof and breathable membrane and a warm lining (Coolmax, polyester, and elastane). The socks feel normal and comfortable so you don’t have to worry of blisters or other foot-related problems. Highly recommended for everyone who needs to perform well in the rain, mud, and all sorts of weather but doesn’t like wearing waterproof boots.

See the Randy Sun Unisex Waterproof Breathable Crew Socks on Amazon

• Sealskinz Waterproof Cold Weather Knee Socks are comfortable waterproof breathable socks with Merino wool lining for added insulation and better moisture control. Suitable for both men and women, the Sealskinz will keep moisture out while practicing your favorite outdoor sports and pursuits in all weather conditions. The socks are knee length for extra protection in cool-to-cold temperatures. They come with shock-absorbing padding to protect the sensitive zones of your feet, while the seamless construction reduces friction and prevents chafing and blisters.

See the Sealskinz Unisex Waterproof Cold Weather Knee Socks on Amazon

Conclusion

Although we didn’t call all types of waterproof breathable clothes in this article, you should know that there are various types of waterproof garments besides waterproof jackets, rain pants, waterproof gloves, and socks.

There are various constructions of waterproof breathable fabrics available on the market. Some of the most widely spread constructions are 2-layer, 2.5-layer, and 3-layer laminates. Each one has its own pros and cons related to its durability, breathability, weight, compactness, and price. Waterproof breathable constructions are used extensively in sports products designed to provide protection from the elements for hikers, mountaineers, cyclists, sailors, and other outdoor professionals and enthusiasts. Recent years have seen significantly increased participation in outdoor sports and activities. As a result, the manufacturers offer different grades of fabrics suited to different performance requirements.

The technology behind designing WBFs and clothes has continued to evolve for achieving improved functionality. However, there is still significant potential for further developments.

 

*  In J. McLoughlin, & T. Sabir (Eds.), High-Performance Apparel: Materials, Development, and Applications, 2018, Elsevier Ltd.

** In J. Williams (Ed.), Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles and Clothing, 2018, Elsevier Ltd.